Doctors are hailing a new way to treat severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attacks that is the first breakthrough for 50 years and could be a “game changer” for patients.
A trial found that offering patients an injection was more effective than the current care of steroid tablets, reducing the need for further treatment by 30%.
The results, published in the Lancet Respiratory Medicine journal, could be transformative for millions of people with asthma and COPD around the world.
Benralizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets specific white blood cells called eosinophils to reduce lung inflammation. It is used as a repeat treatment for severe asthma at a low dose, but the trial found that a higher single dose can be very effective if injected at the time of a flare-up.
Lead investigator Prof Mona Bafadhel, from King’s College London, said: “This could be a game changer for people with asthma and COPD. Treatment for asthma and COPD exacerbations has not changed in 50 years, despite the fact that they collectively cause 3.8 million deaths worldwide per year.
“Benralizumab is a safe and effective drug already used to manage severe asthma. We used the drug in a different way – at the point of an exacerbation – to show that it is more effective than steroid tablets, which are the only treatment currently available.”
The trial involved 158 people who needed medical attention in A&E for their asthma or COPD attack.
Patients were given a quick blood test to see what type of attack they had, with those suffering an “eosinophilic exacerbation” eligible for treatment.
About 50% of asthma attacks are eosinophilic exacerbations, as are 30% of COPD attacks, according to the scientists.
The trial, led by King’s and carried out at Oxford University hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, randomly divided patients into three groups.
One group received the benralizumab injection and dummy tablets. Another group received standard care of prednisolone steroids, 30mg daily for five days, and a dummy injection. The third group received the benralizumab injection and steroids.
After 28 days, respiratory symptoms of cough, wheezing, shortness of breath and sputum were found to be better in those taking benralizumab. After 90 days, there were four times fewer people in the benralizumab group who had failed treatment compared to those who received steroids.
Treatment with the benralizumab injection also took longer to fail, meaning fewer visits to a GP or hospital for patients, researchers said. Furthermore, people also reported a better quality of life on the new regimen.
Scientists have said steroids can have serious side effects, such as increasing the risk of diabetes and osteoporosis, meaning switching to benralizumab could have major benefits.
Benralizumab may also be administered safely at home or in a GP practice, as well as in A&E, they said. AstraZeneca provided the drug for the study and funded the research, but had no input into trial design, delivery, analysis or interpretation.
First author Dr Sanjay Ramakrishnan, clinical senior lecturer at the University of Western Australia, said: “Our study shows great promise for asthma and COPD treatment.
“COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide, but treatment for the condition is stuck in the 20th century. We must provide these patients with life-saving options before their time runs out.”
Dr Samantha Walker, Director of Research and Innovation at Asthma and Lung UK, welcomed the findings but said: “It is appalling that this is the first new treatment for those suffering from asthma and COPD attacks in 50 years, which shows how desperately underfunded lung health research is.”
